Mizu Ledger Assurance House

Related-party disclosures that survive scrutiny

Contracts and fountain pen on a wooden table

Related-party footnotes fail when identification is incomplete. Family shareholdings, sister companies under a common overseas parent, and key management’s side entities often sit outside the general ledger’s counterparty list.

Start with ownership maps

Ask for an updated group chart before planning, including dormant entities and recent share transfers. Interview the managing director separately from the controller; informal loans and guarantees sometimes live only in personal knowledge.

Pricing support

Even when amounts are small, document how transfer prices or rentals were set. A one-page memo with comparable quotes or board approval minutes is stronger evidence than a verbal assurance mid-fieldwork.

Disclosure tone

Footnotes should name the nature of the relationship and the outstanding balances at period end. Vague phrases about “transactions with affiliates” invite follow-up questions from lenders and from the next year’s auditor.